And all without the government having to spend any money up front.
不懂这句话成分是什么?
And all without the government having to spend any money up front.
1. 这不是完整的句子,或者说省略了成分。
2. all 是代词,后面的 without the government having to spend any money up front ,是 without 复合结构。其构成是:
without + 宾语 + 宾补
3. up front 等于 in advance (预先)
【翻译】所有这类都无需政府预先烧钱。